When we think about mental health or challenges, it’s often in association with human beings. But have you ever stopped to ask, can animals feel depressed too? The subject of animals and depression has largely been associated with discussing how our little companions can be therapeutic. But the idea of themselves going through these challenges has seldom been talked about.
In fact, only in recent years has attention been paid to the topic of animals and depression. Scientific research suggests that animals may show signs of depression-like behaviors, though diagnosing them remains complex.
This article explores what we know about animals and depression in all its forms.
How Does Depression Affect Animals?
Studies across different species suggest that some species exhibit behaviors similar to human depression. These include:
- Low Activity Levels: Some primates adopt slumped postures or show decreased movement when experiencing stress.
- Changes in Appetite and Weight: Chronic stress causes loss of or increase in appetite than usual, leading to noticeable weight changes.
- Cognitive Impairments: Memory issues and difficulty making decisions are common in stressed companions, similar to how depression affects human cognitive functions.
- Social withdrawal: Depressed species may isolate themselves from their group or show reduced interactions with humans and other species.
Scientific Studies for Animals and Depression
Research conducted on various species indicates that animals might experience a form of depression. However, since they cannot verbally communicate their feelings, scientists rely on behavioral, physiological, and cognitive changes to assess their emotional states.
Laboratory Rats and Chronic Stress
One of the most compelling cases comes from laboratory rats used in biomedical research. Studies have found that chronically stressed rats exhibit all the measurable diagnostic criteria for depression in humans. Symptoms such as anhedonia, weight changes, and cognitive deficits were observed. Moreover, antidepressants alleviated these symptoms in some cases, reinforcing the idea that these behaviors resemble human depression.
Depression in Farm Animals
Beyond the laboratory, researchers have studied farm animals living in sub-optimal conditions. Intensively farmed pigs and mice housed in barren cages have shown multiple signs of depression. While no single study has confirmed a definitive diagnosis, the presence of multiple depression-like symptoms suggests these animals may be experiencing a psychological condition similar to depression.
The Challenges in Diagnosis
Unlike humans, our little companions cannot express feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or suicidal thoughts—key indicators in human depression diagnoses.
Hence, in the animals and depression discussion, it becomes difficult to confirm the true extent of their challenges. While scientists can observe physical and behavioral symptoms, confirming a diagnosis requires further studies that assess multiple criteria in one population.
Therefore, a lot of researchers suggest the need for more studies to determine the level at which animals experience depression to make accurate diagnoses. They emphasize that testing for multiple diagnostic criteria could improve the accuracy of animal models used in depression research and enhance animal welfare standards.
Ethical Considerations and Animal Welfare
If these beings can experience depression, this has significant ethical implications, especially regarding the welfare of these little companions.
Many species, particularly in factory farms or research labs, live in environments that could contribute to mental distress. Recognizing depression in animals could push for improvements in their living conditions, ensuring they receive better care and enrichment.
MacLellan hopes that proving animals can experience depression might lead to changes in animal husbandry practices, reducing unnecessary suffering and improving their overall well-being.
The Human-Animal Mental Health Connection
While we focus on the challenges they face, our pets also play a crucial role in supporting our well-being. The bond between us and our pets is powerful, and they offer emotional support that can significantly improve mental health.
How Pets Benefit Human Mental Health
Owning and caring for a little companion comes with various psychological benefits, including:
- Reducing Anxiety – The companionship of a little one provides emotional stability, easing feelings of stress and anxiety.
- Boosting Self-Confidence – They offer unconditional love and acceptance, helping individuals feel valued and less isolated.
- Encouraging Physical Activity – Dog owners, for example, tend to walk or play with their little friends regularly, promoting physical health and reducing symptoms of depression.
- Adding Structure to Daily Life – Feeding, exercising, and caring for a pet helps maintain a routine, which is beneficial for individuals struggling with mental health issues.
- Providing Companionship – For those who live alone, a little companion can be a source of comfort and emotional support.
Studies have shown that petting a dog or cat can lower cortisol levels, the hormone associated with stress, while increasing oxytocin, the hormone linked to bonding and happiness. This physiological response explains why therapy animals are often used to help people dealing with trauma, PTSD, and other mental health conditions.
Pets and Specific Mental Health Conditions
The little ones can also play a vital role in helping individuals with specific mental health conditions:
- ADHD – Pets provide structure and responsibility, helping individuals with ADHD manage time and routines more effectively. The energy release from playing with a pet can also be beneficial for hyperactivity.
- Autism Spectrum Disorder – Many autistic individuals find comfort in animals, as pets offer a non-judgmental, predictable source of companionship. Service animals can also help with sensory integration and provide reassurance in overwhelming situations.
- Depression – The routine of caring for a pet provides a sense of purpose and daily motivation, which can help combat feelings of hopelessness or isolation.
Alternatives for Those Who Cannot Own a Pet
Not everyone can have a pet due to financial constraints, housing restrictions, or time limitations. However, there are alternative ways to experience the benefits of animal companionship:
- Spending time with friends’ pets: Walking a friend’s dog or playing with their cat can provide emotional benefits without the full-time responsibility of ownership.
- Pet-sitting or house-sitting: Taking care of someone’s little companion while they are away offers a temporary way to enjoy an animal’s companionship.
- Volunteering: Animal shelters, rescue centers, and organizations like BorrowMyDoggy or The Cinnamon Trust offer opportunities to interact without owning one.
While scientific evidence strongly suggests that animals can exhibit depression-like behaviors, confirming a diagnosis remains challenging. More research is needed to determine if animals experience depression in the same way humans do. However, understanding these behaviors is crucial for improving animal welfare and promoting better living conditions for house and farm species alike.
At the same time, the emotional benefits of pet ownership for humans are undeniable. Whether through direct companionship or alternative interactions, animals play a significant role in enhancing our mental well-being. As we continue to explore the emotional lives of animals, ensuring their welfare and acknowledging their capacity for suffering remains a key responsibility for all animal lovers.
